PM Modi’s 25-Year Security Journey: Article 370, J&K, Northeast, Naxalism & Criminal Law Reform

From his first oath as Gujarat Chief Minister in October 2001 to 25 years in public office, Narendra Modi’s political journey has coincided with major changes in India’s approach to internal security, counter-terrorism, policing, criminal law and defence preparedness. This report traces that evolution — from Gujarat’s counter-terrorism and forensic initiatives to the Union government’s approach to Jammu & Kashmir after the 2019 Article 370 decision, peace agreements in the Northeast, the campaign against Left-Wing Extremism, and the overhaul of India’s criminal laws. It also examines the wider security architecture, including border infrastructure, defence modernisation, technology-driven policing and changes to laws dealing with terrorism, organised crime and crimes against women.